{"id":111769,"date":"2019-10-30T18:11:44","date_gmt":"2019-10-30T14:11:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/1905.az\/?p=111769"},"modified":"2019-10-30T18:21:58","modified_gmt":"2019-10-30T14:21:58","slug":"mugam-karabag-okulu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/mugam-karabag-okulu\/","title":{"rendered":"Mu\u011fam Karaba\u011f Okulu"},"content":{"rendered":"
AZERBAYCAN MU\u011eAMI, UNESCO\u2019NUN KARARIYLA S\u00d6ZL\u00dc VE MADD\u0130 OLMAYAN BA\u015eYAPIT M\u0130RASLARI ARASINA ALINDI VE T\u00dcM \u0130NSANLI\u011eIN K\u00dcLT\u00dcR\u00dc \u0130\u00c7\u0130N \u00d6NEML\u0130 DE\u011eERLERDEN B\u0130R\u0130 OLARAK KABUL ED\u0130LD\u0130. AZERBAYCAN HALKININ K\u00dcLT\u00dcR DE\u011eER\u0130N\u0130N AYRILMAZ B\u0130R PAR\u00c7ASI OLAN MU\u011eAMIN M\u0130RAS L\u0130STESINE ALINMASI, HEM BU T\u00dcR\u00dcN USTALARINA B\u0130R H\u0130ZMET OLARAK, HEM DE MEDEN\u0130 D\u00dcNYANIN D\u0130KKAT\u0130N\u0130 BU MUHTE\u015eEM DE\u011eERE \u00c7EKME G\u0130R\u0130\u015e\u0130M\u0130 OLARAK AZERBAYCAN\u2019DA B\u00dcY\u00dcK SEV\u0130N\u00c7LE KAR\u015eILANDI.<\/pre>\n
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Tarihi uzun y\u00fczy\u0131llara dayanan mu\u011fam\u0131n en geli\u015fti\u011fi devir -uzmanlarca Do\u011fu R\u00f6nesanss\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan devirde \u2013 Yunan Roma medeniyetinin etkisiyle Azerbaycan\u2019da edebiyattan mimarl\u0131\u011fa kadar mucizelerin yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 devre denk gelir ki bu d\u00f6nemde yarat\u0131lan eserler d\u00fcnyan\u0131n alt\u0131n miras k\u00fclt\u00fcr fonuna al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonraki devirlerde mu\u011fam\u0131n geli\u015fmesi onun i\u00e7eri\u011fini de\u011fi\u015ftirmedi. Mu\u011fam g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir d\u00fcnya olup bir taraftan ge\u00e7mi\u015fin miras\u0131 olmay\u0131 di\u011fer taraftan \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f sanat olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. Bu sanattaki zorlu kural, taleplerine g\u00f6re do\u011fa\u00e7lama ile uyu\u015fma ve konunun sanat geli\u015fimiyle uyu\u015fmas\u0131nda yatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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Muhte\u015fem Mu\u011fam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc zengin felsefe, m\u00fczik ve edebiyat temelinde geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Mu\u011fam s\u00f6yleyen sanat\u00e7\u0131, dinleyici taraf\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mi\u015fin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc nesilden nesle ta\u015f\u0131yan olarak kabul edilir ve ayn\u0131 zamanda dinleyicinin ebedi ger\u00e7ekle bulu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar, g\u00f6nl\u00fcn\u00fc teskin eder. Ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr miras\u0131 olan bu sanat\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fabilmesinin sebebi s\u0131rd\u0131r. Eskiden var olan hi\u00e7bir akademik kitap bu sanat\u0131n canlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k yaratamaz. Mu\u011fam sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 \u2013 ki bu s\u0131rr\u0131n ya\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilmi\u015f ki\u015filerdir \u2013 her \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda bahar gibi ye\u015feren bu canl\u0131 m\u00fczi\u011fi ve canl\u0131 \u015fiiri hakk\u0131yla icra edebilmektedirler. Sanat\u0131n sentetik t\u00fcr\u00fc olan Mu\u011fam, Azerbaycan klasik \u015fiirlerine; derin kinaye ve sembollere dayanmaktad\u0131r. Kullan\u0131lan dil mistik mana ile birle\u015fir, bu sebeple sat\u0131rlardaki ve k\u0131talardaki ger\u00e7ek anlamlar\u0131, do\u011fu felsefesini, sembol ve deyimleri, s\u0131radan insanlar\u0131n anlamad\u0131klar\u0131 sat\u0131rlar\u0131, \u015fifresel olarak \u00e7\u00f6zen bilgeler taraf\u0131ndan izah edilebilir. Mu\u011fam sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n hepsinde bulunan sat\u0131rlar\u0131 gizemli yapma kabiliyeti, \u00e7ocukluk ya\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flar ki bu gizem, gazeller yaz\u0131l\u0131rken kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve daha \u00e7ok mu\u011fam\u0131n m\u00fczikal taleplerine yak\u0131nd\u0131r. Mu\u011fam sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7birisi ka\u00e7 tane gazeli ezbere bildi\u011fini net olarak s\u00f6yleyemez, ancak yeri geldi\u011finde onlar konusuna g\u00f6re gazelleri ezbere okur.<\/p>\n
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Mu\u011fam, Azeri bestekarlar i\u00e7in bitmez t\u00fckenmez ilham kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Senfonik klasik tarzda yarat\u0131lan Mu\u011fam, bir \u00e7ok do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 orkestralar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015far\u0131yla icra edilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca bu \u015fekilde yayg\u0131nla\u015fan Mu\u011fam ger\u00e7ekten \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bestekarlar\u0131n sanatsal aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve yorumlar\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z kaynak g\u00f6revi yapmaktad\u0131r. Mu\u011fam\u0131 sadece iyi bilenler onu eserlerde \u201ckavrayabilirler\u201d, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ilk bak\u0131\u015fta mu\u011fam\u0131 direk yans\u0131tmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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Azerbaycan\u2019da mu\u011fam\u0131n hem yal\u0131n, hem de aletlerle icra edilen t\u00fcrleri yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Mu\u011fam\u0131 aletlerle icra eden grup \u00fcyeleri \u00e7e\u015fitli sazlar \u00e7alabilir, ancak Mu\u011fam geni\u015f alanl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan sazlar altta kalabilir. Mu\u011fam aletle icra edildi\u011finde aletler \u00e7e\u015fitli ve zengin olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Mu\u011fam en \u00fcst seviyeye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yal\u0131n okunur. \u00d6zellikle yal\u0131n okundu\u011fu s\u0131rada dinleyici Mu\u011famdaki mistik havay\u0131 yakalar, ki Mu\u011fama y\u00fcksek de\u011fer verenler bu duruma m\u00fczikal meditasyon demektedir.<\/p>\n
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Azeriler mu\u011fam\u0131 icra edenlere geleneksel olarak hanende derler. Hanendenin icras\u0131nda onu m\u00fczikal tak\u0131m takip eder. Mu\u011fam i\u00e7in m\u00fczik \u00e7alan \u00e7alg\u0131 grubu, triodan (tar, kemen\u00e7e, def) tam orkestraya kadar \u00e7\u0131kabilir.<\/p>\n
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Azerbaycan\u2019da Mu\u011fam sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 \u00fcnl\u00fc okul mevcuttur. Bu t\u00fcr t\u00fcm Azerbaycan genelinde yayg\u0131n olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Mu\u011fam sanat\u0131n\u0131n esas merkezleri Bak\u00fc, \u015eamah\u0131, Gence, Nah\u00e7\u0131van ve \u015eu\u015fa kentleridir. Mu\u011fam sanat\u0131nda \u00f6zel bir yeri olan Karaba\u011f makam\u0131, esas olarak \u015eu\u015fa\u2019da \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir.<\/strong><\/p>\n
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Azerbaycan Mu\u011fam\u0131n\u0131n ilk alb\u00fcm\u00fc 1902\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Azerbaycan Mu\u011famlar\u0131n\u0131 kaydetmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nde gelen \u015firketler: \u0130ngilizlerin \u201cGrammofon\u201d, Almanlar\u0131n \u201cSportrekord\u201d ve Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n \u201cPate rekord\u201d \u015firketleriydi. 1913 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren bu \u015firketler Riga, Moskova, Var\u015fova, Petersburg, Kiev, Tiflis ve Bak\u00fc\u2019de daimi \u015fubelerini a\u00e7t\u0131lar. Ayr\u0131ca Azerbaycan mu\u011famlar\u0131 \u201cKonsert Rekord\u201d, \u201cMonarh Rekord\u201d, \u201cEkstrafon\u201d, \u201cGrammofon Rekord\u201d gibi Rus \u015firketleri ve \u201cPremier Rekord\u201d adl\u0131 Macar \u015firketi taraf\u0131ndan da kayd\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Sovyetler d\u00f6neminde Mu\u011fam sanat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli plaklar\u0131 Aprelev ve Nogin fabrikalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretildi.<\/p>\n
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Bu kay\u0131tlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Azerbaycan ses sanat\u0131 devlet ar\u015fivinde toplanm\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 plaklar ise Azerbaycan M\u00fczik K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc Devlet M\u00fczesinde korunmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Azerbaycan Mu\u011fam\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00f6rne\u011fi \u0130ngiltere k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinin milli plak ar\u015fivinde ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok ar\u015fivde de korunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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Azerbaycan\u2019da bu eski kay\u0131tlar\u0131 yeniden onarma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ile ilgili b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fler yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6zellikle XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na ait olan plaklar onar\u0131ld\u0131 ve dijital formata d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu kay\u0131tlar, daha \u00f6nce tek kay\u0131t halinde durur ve yay\u0131nlanarak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m yap\u0131lmazd\u0131.<\/p>\n
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Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131, Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131 sonucunda meydana gelen siyasi tufanlar Mu\u011fam t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc derin krize s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. Sovyet ideolojisine g\u00f6re eski sanat t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc temsil ediyordu ve emek\u00e7i proleterli\u011fe yabanc\u0131yd\u0131. Hatta mu\u011fam\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca aleti tar bile sald\u0131r\u0131ya maruz kald\u0131. Yerden yere vurulan Mu\u011fam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, bir \u015fekilde k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayata d\u00f6nebildi. Ancak Sovyetler d\u00f6neminde Karaba\u011f tarz\u0131ndaki mu\u011fam ustalar\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u00fcksek kaliteli plaklar\u0131, 30\u2019lu 50\u2019li y\u0131llarda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labildi. Bunlara \u00f6rnek olarak; Han \u015eu\u015finskiy, Zulfi Ad\u0131gozalova, Seida \u015eu\u015finskaya, Abulfat Aliyev, Mutallim Mutallimov, Yagub Mamedov, \u0130slam R\u0131zayev, Arifa Babayeva, Mur\u015fuda Mamedova, Gadira Rustamova, Suleyman Abdullayev gibi ustalar\u0131n sesli plaklar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilebilir.<\/p>\n
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Ve nihayet mu\u011fam sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc nesli XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda mu\u011fam sanat\u0131n\u0131n tescil edilmesini ba\u015fard\u0131. Bu nesli Vahid Abdullayev, Sahavet Mamedov, Zahid Guliyev, Garahan Beybudov, Mansum \u0130bragimov, Sabir Abdullayev, Fehruz Mamedov gibi hanendeler temsil ediyordu.<\/p>\n
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Dediklerine g\u00f6re bir halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kabiliyetin do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llarca beklemesi gerekiyormu\u015f. Do\u011fumuna yak\u0131n onun dinlemesi i\u00e7in ninniler, iyiyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fcy\u00fc ay\u0131rabilmesi i\u00e7in masallar, ecdatlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fczik miras\u0131yla bulu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in t\u00fcrk\u00fclerin haz\u0131r tutulmas\u0131 gerekiyor mu\u015f. Net belli olan bir \u015fey vard\u0131r ki e\u011fer bir halk veya \u00e7evre bir kabiliyeti alg\u0131lamaya haz\u0131r de\u011filse, kabiliyet sahibi insan \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015feni hayat\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirememekle kalmay\u0131p ayn\u0131 zamanda toplumun taleplerine cevap vermeyen bir birey de olabilir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan Karaba\u011f t\u00fcrk\u00fcc\u00fc hanendelerine kader g\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Onlar \u00f6yle bir yerde ve \u00f6yle bir zamanda do\u011fdular ki onlar\u0131n \u00e7evresi b\u00fcy\u00fck kabiliyetleri alg\u0131lamaya haz\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
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B\u00fcy\u00fck kabiliyetin Karaba\u011f\u2019da do\u011fmas\u0131, kaderin bir cilvesidir. Bu kabiliyetler; herkesin t\u00fcrk\u00fc s\u00f6yledi\u011fi, g\u00fczel sesin ve g\u00fczel kabiliyetin fark\u0131na var\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir b\u00f6lgede do\u011fdular. Her bir Karaba\u011f\u2019l\u0131, da\u011fl\u0131 d\u00fcz Karaba\u011f\u2019da ya da \u015eu\u015fa veya Akda\u011f\u2019da do\u011fmas\u0131na bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n, sadece mu\u011fam sanat\u0131n\u0131 anlamakla kalmay\u0131p gerekti\u011fi takdirde her t\u00fcrl\u00fc halk t\u00fcrk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc okuyabilirdi. Ayr\u0131ca her Karaba\u011f\u2019l\u0131 bu t\u00fcre de\u011fer veren ger\u00e7ek ortam\u0131n ve Mu\u011fam ustalar\u0131na olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nem veren toplulu\u011fun bir ferdiydi.<\/p>\n
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Dediklerine g\u00f6re Mu\u011fam, insan g\u00f6nl\u00fcn\u00fc \u015fekillendiriyormu\u015f. Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesinde bu, ikilemli bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir: buradaki do\u011fa da insan g\u00f6nl\u00fcn\u00fc \u015fekillendirir ve buradaki insanlar\u0131n g\u00f6nl\u00fc olabildi\u011fince her t\u00fcrl\u00fc g\u00fczelli\u011fi ve m\u00fczi\u011fi kabullenir.<\/strong> Mu\u011fam Karaba\u011f Okulu temsilcileri, kendi halk\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fczik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc geli\u015ftirerek yeniden vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Bu b\u00f6lgeye \u00f6zg\u00fc olan g\u00fczellik, uyum ve sakinlik aynadan yans\u0131r gibi m\u00fczik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu yans\u0131ma uzun y\u0131llar boyu t\u00fcm Karaba\u011f Mu\u011fam ustalar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
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Karaba\u011f Mu\u011fam hanendelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu \u015eu\u015fa do\u011fumludur. \u015eu\u015fa temas\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 \u015eu\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n kendisi gibidir. Fethedilmez kale ve t\u00fcm Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kutsal\u0131 gibi her zaman t\u00fcrk\u00fclerde yer alacakt\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n
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\u015eu\u015fa tarihi her \u015eu\u015fa\u2019l\u0131 vatanda\u015fa sadece Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yaz\u0131lar\u0131yla tan\u0131t\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onlar i\u00e7in \u201cKaraba\u011f hakk\u0131ndaki hikayeler\u201d ve \u201cKaraba\u011fnameler\u201d elyazmas\u0131 kitaplar olarak kabul g\u00f6rmemi\u015ftir. \u015eu\u015fa\u2019l\u0131lar i\u00e7in t\u00fcm bunlar bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok tarihi epizotlarda yer alan bilgiler, s\u00f6zel olarak nesilden nesle anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, tarihi olaylar\u0131n detaylar\u0131 korunmu\u015f ve bu b\u00f6lge ile ilgili ger\u00e7ek tarihin ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cKaraba\u011fnameler\u201d burada ya\u015fayanlar i\u00e7in canl\u0131 bir tarih olmu\u015ftur ki oradaki tarihi ger\u00e7ekler ge\u00e7mi\u015f ile g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki ya\u015fananlar\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgenin tarihi ve do\u011fas\u0131 Karaba\u011f Mu\u011fam okulunun esas konusunu t\u00fcretmi\u015ftir: Karaba\u011f temas\u0131. Bu anlamda \u201cKaraba\u011f \u015eikyastesi\u201d adl\u0131 me\u015fhur Mu\u011fam Karaba\u011f hanendelerinin ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki kartviziti niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n
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\u015eu\u015fa b\u00f6lgesi \u00e7ok say\u0131da m\u00fczik adam\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmi\u015ftir ve bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu da \u015eu\u015fa\u2019l\u0131 lakab\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck Rus \u015fairi Yesenin\u2019in dedi\u011fi gibi \u201cE\u011fer \u015fairse \u015eiraz\u2019dan, t\u00fcrk\u00fcc\u00fc ise \u015eu\u015fa\u2019dan olsun\u201d.<\/strong> \u015eu\u015fa b\u00f6lgesi d\u00fcnyaya bir\u00e7ok kabiliyetli t\u00fcrk\u00fcc\u00fc, hanende, bestekar ve m\u00fczik ustas\u0131 hediye etmi\u015ftir ki bunlar\u0131n her biri icra ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda ansiklopedi yazacak kadar nitelikli ustalar olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
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\u015eu\u015fa b\u00f6lgesi her zaman do\u011funun m\u00fczikal konservatuar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu b\u00f6lgeye ya m\u00fczik hayranlar\u0131 gelir ya da m\u00fczik \u00f6\u011frenmeye gelirlerdi. Ancak bu b\u00f6lge, sadece m\u00fczik adamlar\u0131yla me\u015fhur olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buradaki e\u015fsiz do\u011fa fakt\u00f6rleri bir\u00e7ok me\u015fhur insan\u0131n ad\u0131yla birlikte an\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131 ki \u015eu\u015fa\u2019ya de\u011fer bir yans\u0131ma ortaya \u00e7\u0131ks\u0131n. \u00c7e\u015fitli alanlardaki ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 insanlar burada d\u00fcnyaya gelmeliydi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar\u0131n ellerinde yap\u0131lan aletlerle, onlar\u0131n elleriyle yap\u0131lan in\u015faatlar ve salonlarla, onlar\u0131n elleriyle yaz\u0131lan \u015fiirlerle daha \u00f6nce ke\u015ffedilmemi\u015f bu m\u00fczik sanat\u0131 yay\u0131labilirdi. Bu \u015fehrin atmosferi, Aleksandr Duma\u2019n\u0131n Kafkas seyahati ile ilgili eserinde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eserde Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netici han\u0131m\u0131 \u015faire Natavan\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm karakteristik \u00f6zellikleri ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
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\u015eu\u015fa\u2019daki temiz, kristal kadar saf do\u011fal p\u0131narlar o kadar me\u015fhur olmu\u015f ki, buradaki en me\u015fhur p\u0131narlardan birisi olan \u0130sa Bulak p\u0131nar\u0131 \u015eu\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n sembol\u00fc olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Buradaki da\u011flar\u0131n ucu g\u00fcya g\u00f6kle birle\u015fiyordu, \u00e7evrede insan\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici bir k\u0131r manzaras\u0131 vard\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen akustik uyum g\u00f6k alt\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k m\u00fczikal salon yaratm\u0131\u015f gibiydi. Burada da\u011flarla \u00e7evrili \u201cC\u0131d\u0131r d\u00fcz\u00fc\u201d adl\u0131 k\u0131r, kim bilir ne kadar kabiliyetli \u015fark\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 dinledi ve g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Ancak her yerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015eu\u015fa \u00e7ocuklar\u0131, buradaki bu do\u011fa mucizesinde de \u201cyaramazl\u0131k\u201d etmi\u015flerdir. Mu\u011fam m\u00fczi\u011fini daha yeni yeni kavramaya ba\u015flayan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n zil gibi ince sesleri, her g\u00fcn da\u011flardaki \u00e7e\u015fitli tepeliklere ula\u015f\u0131r, tekrardan yank\u0131lan\u0131p da\u011flara \u00e7arpar ve t\u00fcm yank\u0131lar birbirine kar\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. B\u00f6yle bir\u00e7ok kez tekrarlan\u0131p g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yank\u0131lanan e\u015fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen polifonik ses, p\u0131narlar\u0131n \u015f\u0131r\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131, a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n h\u0131\u015f\u0131rt\u0131s\u0131 ve ku\u015flar\u0131n \u00f6tmesiyle koro \u015feklinde \u00e7\u0131kan do\u011fal ses, ancak \u00e7ocuk fantezisinde yarat\u0131labilirdi.<\/p>\n
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1987 y\u0131l\u0131nda b\u00f6lgede uluslar aras\u0131\u201dHar\u0131b\u00fclb\u00fcl Mu\u011fam Festivali\u201d yap\u0131ld\u0131. Festivalin ad\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgedeki da\u011flarda yeti\u015fen g\u00fczel bir \u00e7i\u00e7ekten al\u0131nd\u0131. Bu festivalde bir\u00e7ok gen\u00e7 ses, \u015f\u00f6hret kazand\u0131. \u015eu\u015fa \u015fehri Ermeni bask\u0131nc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda i\u015fgal edilince, buradan \u00e7\u0131kan b\u00fct\u00fcn me\u015fhur sesler m\u00fclteci durumuna d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00f6zellikle m\u00fclteci kamplar\u0131nda ya\u015famakta olan festival birincileri, o kara g\u00fcnlerden sonra \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6ylemeyi b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fcz\u00fcnle ifade ediyorlar. \u201cBiz, da\u011f insanlar\u0131 d\u00fcz alanda ne \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz ne de ya\u015fayabiliriz. Bizim g\u00f6nl\u00fcm\u00fcz orada, \u015eu\u015fa\u2019da kald\u0131. Da\u011f p\u0131narlar\u0131 ve dereleri olmadan, da\u011f\u0131n saf havas\u0131 olmadan, C\u0131d\u0131r d\u00fcz\u00fc k\u0131r\u0131ndaki ku\u015flar\u0131n h\u0131\u00e7k\u0131r\u0131klar\u0131 olmadan nas\u0131l \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yleyelim?\u201d diyorlar. Bu soruya bir cevap bulunur mu? Bu \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fcklerinden ve kalplerindeki derin acizli\u011fi alg\u0131lamaktan dolay\u0131 sars\u0131lmamak elde de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
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Yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmayan kurallara g\u00f6re, \u015eu\u015fa\u2019daki m\u00fczikli toplant\u0131lar birka\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Birinci s\u0131n\u0131f: m\u00fczikli toplant\u0131ya \u00fcst kalitedeki \u015fark\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n geldi\u011fi \u015eu\u015fa meclisleridir. Buradaki en \u00f6nemli nokta \u015fark\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n daha kimsenin s\u00f6ylemedi\u011fi \u015fiiri \u2013 ister eski elyazmas\u0131 eserlerden bulmu\u015f olsun ister \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f \u015fairlerin yazd\u0131klar\u0131 olsun \u2013 okurdu ve \u015fark\u0131da kullan\u0131lan \u015fiir m\u0131sralar\u0131n\u0131n kaliteli olmas\u0131 da \u00f6nemliydi. Bu meclislerde dans melodileri kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fcyordu, mu\u011fam t\u00fcm farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla okunurdu fakat hi\u00e7bir zaman dans melodileri okunmazd\u0131.<\/p>\n
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\u0130kinci s\u0131n\u0131f meclise ise; \u00e7ok ileri seviyede olmayan \u015fark\u0131c\u0131lar kat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu meclislerde de mu\u011fam geleneksel tarzda okunurdu, iki saat kadar mu\u011fam okunduktan sonra herhangi bir halk \u015fark\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n okunmas\u0131na veya birka\u00e7 ki\u015finin dans etmesine de m\u00fcsaade edilirdi.<\/p>\n
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\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f meclisler ise; e\u011flenmek isteyen herkesin geldi\u011fi meclisti. Bu meclisler, e\u011flenceye y\u00f6nelik olup mecliste ciddi \u015fark\u0131lar okunmazd\u0131, hareketli, e\u011flenceli \u015fark\u0131lar okunurdu. Kendine sayg\u0131s\u0131 olan hanendeler bu t\u00fcr meclislere gelmezlerdi. Parti ve d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnlerdeki e\u011flenceler bu t\u00fcr meclisleri and\u0131r\u0131r. Bu mecliste esasen melodik, hareketli \u015fark\u0131lar okunur ve \u00f6zel olarak dans\u00e7\u0131lar da davet edilirdi.<\/p>\n
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Birinci s\u0131n\u0131f meclisler i\u00e7in \u015fartlar\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131, uzun y\u0131llar sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n icra seviyesini koruyabilmesinin sebeplerindendir. Bu y\u00fcksek seviyeye dinleyiciler de dahildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc mu\u011fam sanat\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek bilginlerinin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu t\u00fcr meclislerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn geli\u015fmesine ve b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine etki etmi\u015f, kendine ait t\u00fcm kurallar\u0131 koruyabilmi\u015f ve halk sanat\u0131n\u0131n devaml\u0131 canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak kalmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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\u015eu\u015fa b\u00f6lgesi \u00f6zellikle birinci s\u0131n\u0131f meclisleriyle \u015f\u00f6hret kazanm\u0131\u015f ve belki de bu y\u00fczden do\u011fu konservatuar\u0131 \u00fcn\u00fcyle tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Azerbaycan halk\u0131n\u0131n dilinde \u015f\u00f6yle bir deyim bo\u015funa meydana gelmemi\u015ftir: \u015eu\u015fa \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 a\u011flarken \u201cSeygah\u201d mu\u011fam\u0131 motifi nde, g\u00fclerken \u201c\u015eahnaz\u201d mu\u011fam\u0131 motifi nde g\u00fcl\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n
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Yazar Abdurahim Ahverdiyev\u2019in belirtti\u011fine g\u00f6re, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Bak\u00fc, \u015eamah\u0131, A\u015fkabat, Tahran veya \u0130stanbul\u2019daki herhangi bir m\u00fczik grubuyla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rsan\u0131z aralar\u0131nda mutlaka \u015eu\u015fa\u2019l\u0131 bir m\u00fczik\u00e7i de vard\u0131r. Onlar kendi m\u00fczik modas\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm do\u011fuya yaym\u0131\u015flard\u0131 ve sesini, m\u00fczik maharetini \u00f6l\u00e7mek isteyen herkes \u015eu\u015fa\u2019ya geliyordu. Sesini ve maharetini \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcp gidenler, hanende seviyesine gelince kendi sesleri hakk\u0131nda Hac\u0131 H\u00fcseyin, Sad\u0131kcan, Mirza Muhtar, Cabbar Garya\u011fd\u0131o\u011flu veya mu\u011fam sanat\u0131n\u0131n Karaba\u011f\u2019daki \u00f6nemli isimlerinin neler dediklerini aktar\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n
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Azerbaycan\u2019da petrolden ilk defa gelir elde etmeye ba\u015flanmas\u0131yla birlikte mu\u011fam sanat\u0131 da etkilendi ve geli\u015fti. Bak\u00fc\u2019deki petrol \u00fcreticileri aras\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan hamiler taraf\u0131ndan organize edilen \u201cDo\u011fu geceleri\u201d b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u015far\u0131 getirdi. Bunlar\u0131n birincisi \u015eu\u015fa tiyatrosunda yap\u0131ld\u0131. Karaba\u011f Mu\u011fam okulunun temsilcileri, Bak\u00fc ve di\u011fer \u015fehirlerde d\u00fczenlenen \u201cDo\u011fu Geceleri\u201dnde icra etmeye ba\u015flay\u0131nca, o y\u0131llar m\u00fczik i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir yenilik mahiyetinde oldu.\u201dDo\u011fu Geceleri\u201d ile birlikte geleneksel m\u00fczik toplant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n devri ba\u015flad\u0131 ki bu sanata merak\u0131 olan kendi iste\u011fine g\u00f6re gecelere gelirdi ve b\u00f6ylece ger\u00e7ekten mu\u011fam sanat\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferini anlayanlar toplan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
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Karaba\u011f Mu\u011fam okulu XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca m\u00fczik d\u00fcnyas\u0131na yeni ve parlak sanat\u00e7\u0131lar kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 zorla kazan\u0131lan hanendeler gelene\u011fini de bozdu. Derler ki; silah sesinin oldu\u011fu yerde m\u00fczikler susar. Karaba\u011f hanendeleri susmuyorlar, s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar. Ancak onlar\u0131n t\u00fcrk\u00fclerinde bug\u00fcn onlar\u0131n ac\u0131s\u0131, \u0131st\u0131rab\u0131, ma\u011fduriyeti yer almaktad\u0131r. Bir zamanlar me\u015fhur Cabbar Garya\u011fd\u0131o\u011flu bu s\u00f6zleri s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu: \u201cBen cennete girersem ve orada Karaba\u011f yoksa benim neyime?\u201d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
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D\u00fcnya globalle\u015fiyor. Globalle\u015fmekte olan d\u00fcnyada anormal bir h\u0131zla \u00e7e\u015fitli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nceden olmayan insanlar\u0131n toplu ta\u015f\u0131nmalar\u0131, dakika ba\u015f\u0131 bilgilerin payla\u015f\u0131lma imkan\u0131, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yeni teknolojilerin \u00fcretilmesi t\u00fcm bunlar ter\u00f6rizm ve do\u011fal felaket tehlikesiyle ayn\u0131 anda ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131n, d\u00fcnyaya o kadar etkisine ra\u011fmen evrende bir kum gibidir. Ne globalle\u015fme felsefesi ne de globalle\u015fme kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 felsefe insanl\u0131\u011fa kaybetmi\u015f oldu\u011fu do\u011fal uyumu geri vermez. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyetteki kay\u0131plar da geri gelmez. Ancak aynen bu devirde biz hepimiz gelecekteki geli\u015fmemiz i\u00e7in bir temeli \u015fekillendirmeliyiz, o da geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr paradigmas\u0131d\u0131r. Biz ancak geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr g\u00fcc\u00fcyle, her medeniyetin i\u00e7inde sakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu cevherle ve her halk\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle \u00e7e\u015fitli ve zengin medeniyete ula\u015fabiliriz, ayr\u0131ca \u00f6yle bir d\u00fcnyaya ula\u015f\u0131r\u0131z ki orada geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr korunacak ve \u00e7o\u011falacakt\u0131r. UNESCO\u2019nun s\u00f6zel ve maddi olmayan miras de\u011ferlerini koruma konvansiyonu aynen bu ama\u00e7lara hizmet edecektir.<\/p>\n
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Mehriban AL\u0130YEVA,<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n
\u00a0UNESCO\u2019nun iyi niyet el\u00e7isi <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n
Haydar Aliyev Vakf\u0131 Ba\u015fkan\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n
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Dergi \u201c\u0130rs-Miras\u201d, \u2116 1, 2012, s.18-25<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
AZERBAYCAN MU\u011eAMI, UNESCO\u2019NUN KARARIYLA S\u00d6ZL\u00dc VE MADD\u0130 OLMAYAN BA\u015eYAPIT M\u0130RASLARI ARASINA ALINDI VE T\u00dcM \u0130NSANLI\u011eIN K\u00dcLT\u00dcR\u00dc \u0130\u00c7\u0130N \u00d6NEML\u0130 DE\u011eERLERDEN B\u0130R\u0130 OLARAK KABUL ED\u0130LD\u0130. AZERBAYCAN HALKININ K\u00dcLT\u00dcR DE\u011eER\u0130N\u0130N AYRILMAZ B\u0130R PAR\u00c7ASI OLAN MU\u011eAMIN M\u0130RAS L\u0130STESINE ALINMASI, HEM BU T\u00dcR\u00dcN USTALARINA B\u0130R H\u0130ZMET OLARAK, HEM DE MEDEN\u0130 D\u00dcNYANIN D\u0130KKAT\u0130N\u0130 BU MUHTE\u015eEM DE\u011eERE \u00c7EKME G\u0130R\u0130\u015e\u0130M\u0130 OLARAK AZERBAYCAN\u2019DA B\u00dcY\u00dcK … Continue reading Mu\u011fam Karaba\u011f Okulu<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":111729,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1198],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-111769","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-heritage-8"],"fimg_url":"https:\/\/1905.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/qarabah-muqam-mektebi.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/111769","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=111769"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/111769\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/111729"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=111769"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=111769"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=111769"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}