{"id":112184,"date":"2019-11-01T18:26:49","date_gmt":"2019-11-01T14:26:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/1905.az\/?p=112184"},"modified":"2019-11-11T14:59:05","modified_gmt":"2019-11-11T10:59:05","slug":"susa-geleneksel-kuyumculuk-merkezi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/susa-geleneksel-kuyumculuk-merkezi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u015eu\u015fa: geleneksel kuyumculuk merkezi"},"content":{"rendered":"

KARABA\u011e SANAT D\u00dcNYASI TAR\u0130HSEL OLARAK, YERLE\u015e\u0130K VE YARI G\u00d6\u00c7EBE YA\u015eAM B\u0130\u00c7\u0130M\u0130 TARZINDA, T\u00dcRK ETNOK\u00dcLT\u00dcREL TEMELL\u0130 AZERBAYCAN K\u00dcLT\u00dcR\u00dc BA\u011eLAMINDA GEL\u0130\u015eM\u0130\u015e VE \u015eEK\u0130LLENM\u0130\u015eT\u0130R.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\"
Kad\u0131n kemeri. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f. 19. yy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Bu, Alban-T\u00fcrk etnok\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7evre temelinde geli\u015fen geleneksel zanaat t\u00fcrlerine \u00f6zg\u00fc i\u015f aletleri ve \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, bunun yan\u0131nda t\u00fcrk ve daha sonra orta \u00e7a\u011flarda Azerbaycanl\u0131lar\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi arab fars terminolojisi i\u00e7eren haz\u0131r mamuller ile do\u011frulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Karaba\u011f zanaat imalat\u0131n\u0131n ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zellikleri aras\u0131ndan, yar\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ya\u015fama ba\u011fl\u0131 yerel zanaat ve ticaret t\u00fcrlerinin ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 geli\u015fimi ve geni\u015f da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 vurgulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar aras\u0131nda, y\u00fcn \u00f6rme (kuma\u015f dokuma), hal\u0131 dokuma ve ipekb\u00f6ce\u011fi yeti\u015ftirme, ipek dokuma, ba\u015f\u00f6rt\u00fc, ke\u00e7e, s\u00fcet k\u00fcrkler ve ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n imalat\u0131, sara\u00e7l\u0131k ve demircilik i\u015fleri, nal imalat\u0131 ve di\u011ferleri yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesi, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer tarihsel yerle\u015fim birimleri aras\u0131nda \u00e7ekici do\u011fas\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131 ile kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc farkl\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6lge, becerikli yerel ustalar\u0131n\u0131n eserleri sayesinde geli\u015fmi\u015f zanaat merkezlerinden biri olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Karaba\u011f topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, gezegenimizin en eski \u00e7a\u011flardan beri insan ya\u015fayan b\u00f6lgelerinden oldu\u011fu, neandertal – ilkel insanlara ait meskun yerinin (Az\u0131h Ma\u011faras\u0131) bulunmas\u0131 ile kan\u0131tlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, Azerbaycan topraklar\u0131, d\u00fcnyadaki, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en m\u00fckemmel abidelerinin muhafaza edildi\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerden biri olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Bununla birlikte Az\u0131h ma\u011faras\u0131, Karaba\u011f d\u00e2hil, \u00fclkenin kadim insanlar taraf\u0131ndan kesintisiz ikamet edildi\u011finin, devaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fiminin ve bir\u00e7ok neslin toplumsal evriminin Azerbaycan topraklar\u0131ndaki g\u00fczel bir kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Sonraki \u00e7a\u011flarda ya\u015fanan evrim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fik do\u011fal zenginlikler, \u00fclkenin ve buray\u0131 vatan edinenlerin geli\u015fiminde m\u00fchim rol oynayan zengin demir yataklar\u0131 mevcut olmu\u015ftur. VIII. yy Albanya tarih\u00e7isi Musa Kalankatl\u0131, kendisinin me\u015fhur eseri olan \u201cAlbanya tarihi\u201c (Burada s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en Albanya M.\u00d6. IV \u2013 M.S. VIII y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Kafkasyada mevcut olmu\u015f tarihi Azerbaycan devletinin ismidir. Ba\u015fkenti \u00f6nceleri Gabele, daha sonra ise Berde \u015fehirleri olmu\u015ftur) eserinde olaraq, \u00fclkenin ve ayn\u0131 zamanda Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesinin de i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu topraklar\u0131n do\u011fal zenginliklerini s\u0131ralarken, di\u011fer madenlerle birlikte: alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve ohradan bahsetmektedir. (Musa Kalankatl\u0131, Akvanlar Tarihi, I.kitap, IV b\u00f6l\u00fcm).<\/p>\n

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Karaba\u011f\u0131n b\u00f6yle zengin do\u011fal ortam\u0131nda kuyumculuk d\u00e2hil \u00e7e\u015fitli zanaat meslekleri olu\u015farak geli\u015fmekteydi. Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ve tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f kuyumculuk merkezlerinden biri \u015eu\u015fa \u015fehri idi ve \u015f\u00f6hreti Kafkas b\u00f6lgesine de\u011fil, onun \u00e7ok uzaklar\u0131na kadar ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

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\u015eu\u015fa\u2019daki kuyumculuk i\u015finin geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 zengin t\u00fcrk zengin aristokrat halk tabakas\u0131na ve milli k\u0131yafetler ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ziynet e \u015fyalar\u0131n a organik olarak do\u011frudan ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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\u015eehrin aristokrat aileleri, yerel \u015eu\u015fa kuyumcular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan imal edilen alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin, pahal\u0131 s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sipari\u015f\u00e7isi ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndand\u0131. Refah i\u00e7indeki Azerbaycan\u2019da ve Karaba\u011f\u2019da ya\u015fayan ve l\u00fcks hayat s\u00fcrd\u00fcren aileler i\u00e7in \u015eu\u015fa\u2019da ziynet e\u015fyalar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle tak\u0131lar, de\u011fi\u015fik alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, pahal\u0131 ta\u015flar istenilmekte idi.<\/p>\n

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\"\"
Grav\u00fcrl\u00fc kad\u0131n kemeri. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f. 19. yy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Belirtmek gerekir ki, kuyumculuk \u00fcr\u00fcnleri sadece halk\u0131n zengin k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7ekmemekteydi. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte, Azerbaycan milli giysileri i\u00e7in, aksesuar olarak \u00e7e\u015fitli ziynet ve s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131 kullan\u0131lmakta idi. Me\u015fhur Azerbaycan etnograf\u0131 Ra\u015fit bey Efendiyev’in tespitlerine g\u00f6re, imgesel olarak, Azerbaycanl\u0131lar\u0131n milli giysileri \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u00fcs ve ziynet e\u015fyalar\u0131 ile, \u00f6zellikle alt\u0131n, inci ve mercandan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f geleneksel aksesuarlarla s\u00fcslenme\u011fe uygun oluyordu. Avrupa giysileri i\u00e7in ise, bel kemeri hari\u00e7 hi\u00e7bir \u201cs\u00fcs e\u015fya\u201cs\u0131 uygun olmamaktayd\u0131. (Azerbaycan Milli Bilimler Akademisi Elyazma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Ar\u015fivi, Q-2 (19), 3160 No\u2019lu envanter, 62.s)<\/p>\n

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Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n aksine, o devirlerin Azerbaycan mantalitesinde kad\u0131n\u0131 pahal\u0131 ziynet e\u015fyas\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Eskilerin geleneksel anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re, gen\u00e7 k\u0131z\u0131 kuyumcu e\u015fyas\u0131 olmadan evlendiremez, damad\u0131n evine getiremezlerdi. Bu \u00e2detin Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesinde etik norm olarak kabul edilerek uygulanmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7eken durum olmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu amiller, Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesinde \u00f6nemli ve m\u00fcstesna \u00f6neme sahip b\u00f6lgesel kuyumculuk merkezi olan \u015eu\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Di\u011fer kuyumculuk i\u015fleri merkezlerinden farkl\u0131 olarak, bu \u015fehirde alt\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finin yan\u0131nda, geni\u015f \u00e7apta ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi (g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f karl\u0131k) ve m\u00fccevher ta\u015flar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi (cevahir sazl\u0131k) sekt\u00f6r\u00fc geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bundan dolay\u0131 eskiden \u015eu\u015fa\u2019da, \u00e7ok say\u0131daki alt\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi ustalar\u0131 ile birlikte g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve m\u00fccevher ustalar\u0131 da \u015f\u00f6hret kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. XIX. asr\u0131n 30. y\u0131llara ait sayg\u0131n bir kaynakta o zamanki \u015eu\u015fa\u2019da sadece g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi ustalar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 12 oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015fdir (Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Kafkaslardaki h\u00e2kimiyetlerinin almanak\u0131, cilt IV. S.Petersburg, 1836.s.315).<\/p>\n

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Bundan 70 y\u0131l sonra ise \u015eu\u015fa\u2019da 20 kuyumcu at\u00f6lyesinde, 56 mahir ustan\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir (Kafkas I. Fidanc\u0131l\u0131k sanayi kurultay\u0131, Tiflis, 1902, s.60).<\/p>\n

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\"\"
\u201cD\u00f6rtd\u00fc\u011fme s\u0131r\u011fa\u201c k\u00fcpesi. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f. Filigran, XIX.yy sonu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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\u015eu\u015fa geleneksel kuyumculuk zanaat\u0131n\u0131n son ve en ya\u015fl\u0131 temsilcisi olan usta Cihangir Aliyev\u2019in verdi\u011fi bilgilere g\u00f6re \u015eu\u015fa\u2019da XIX. yy sonlar\u0131 ve XX. yy ba\u015flar\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fc kuyumcular Behbud, \u0130smail, Muhtar, Saidali, torlamac\u0131 (filigranc\u0131) Ali\u015f hala sayg\u0131yla y\u00e2d edilmektedirler.<\/p>\n

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\"\"
\u201cBo\u011fazalt\u0131\u201c kolyesinden bir fragman, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f. XX.yy fi ligran\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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\u015eu\u015fa kuyumcular\u0131 o kadar \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fcler ki, buran\u0131n ustalar\u0131na t\u00fcm Azerbaycan\u2019dan sipari\u015fler geliyordu.<\/p>\n

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XX asr\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar \u015eu\u015fa \u015fehri kuyumculuk zanaat\u0131n\u0131n merkezi halindeydi. Yerel \u00f6zelliklerinden biri olarak \u015eu\u015fal\u0131 kuyumcular\u0131n onlara \u00f6zg\u00fc olan, renk karl\u0131k<\/strong> denen bask\u0131l\u0131 alt\u0131n kaplamal\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn imal etmeleridir.<\/p>\n

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Bundan dolay\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fcr\u00fcnleri cilal\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u015eu\u015fa kuyumculuk mesle\u011finin di\u011fer bir yerel \u00f6zelliklerinden biri de, ucuz g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f mamullerinin imalat\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Bundan dolay\u0131 \u015eu\u015fal\u0131 ustalar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin karalama tekni\u011fi pek kullan\u0131lmazd\u0131. Bu nedenle, haz\u0131r mamullerde ustan\u0131n \u201ckuyumcu\u201c veya \u201cg\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f i\u015fleri ustas\u0131\u201c diye mesle\u011fini de\u011fil, sadece: \u201calt\u0131nlama (kaplama) ustas\u0131\u201c, \u201cimalc\u0131\u201c, \u201cfiligranc\u0131\u201c vs kelimeleri i\u015fleniyordu.<\/p>\n

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\"\"
Kad\u0131n kemeri, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f. XIX yy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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XVIII. yy \u00fcnl\u00fc Azerbaycan \u015fairi ve eski Karaba\u011f hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f veziri olan Vak\u0131f\u2019\u0131n eserlerinde, \u00e7ok kere \u015eu\u015fa kuyumcular\u0131n\u0131n imal ettikleri kad\u0131n s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131 methedilmektedir. Alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f e\u015fyalar: \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00fcpe ve y\u00fcz\u00fckler, gerdanl\u0131k ve toklar, d\u00fc\u011fme ve s\u0131rma \u015feritler, kanca ve bilezikler \u00fcst\u00fcn \u00f6zellikleri ve g\u00fczelliklerinden dolay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck talep g\u00f6rmekteydiler.<\/p>\n

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\u015eu\u015fa kuyumcular\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, Azerbaycan sanat gelene\u011finin ayr\u0131lmaz organik ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Onlar bizim, yerel \u00f6zellik ve renklerle bezenmi\u015f \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz miraslar\u0131m\u0131zdand\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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\"\"
\u015eu\u015fa kuyumcular\u0131n\u0131n ara\u00e7-gere\u00e7leri<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n en iyi kuyumculuk geleneklerine dayanan \u015eu\u015fa ustalar\u0131 bu zanaat\u0131n daha da geli\u015fmesine \u00f6nemli katk\u0131da bulundular ve geride y\u00fcksek sanat de\u011feri bulunan, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hala benzerlerinin yap\u0131m\u0131na \u00f6zenilen \u015faheserler b\u0131rakt\u0131lar. Azerbaycan\u2019da XIX. yy sonu, XX. yy ba\u015flar\u0131nda uzun y\u0131llar boyu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan me\u015fhur kuyumculuk sanat\u0131 uzman\u0131 V.K.Zglenitzkiy eserinde \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cbu yar\u0131m tahsilli kuyumcular, kendi mesleklerini m\u00fckemmel sahiplenerek kendi Avrupa meslekta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli derecede geride b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r . Onlar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnler, kendi sanatsal s\u00fcs ve desenleri, se\u00e7ilmi\u015f tasar\u0131mlar\u0131 ve \u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile insanlar\u0131 heveslendirmektedirler. Bu ustalar, Avrupa’dakilerin elinde bulunan, tek tip toplu \u00fcretim ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7lerine ve aletlerine sahip de\u011filler. Onlar\u0131n s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlan\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck eme\u011fin ve sab\u0131r ile usta ellerin dokunu\u015funun sonu\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r\u201c. (I. Kurultay \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, 60-62ss)<\/p>\n

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Azerbaycanl\u0131 ve \u00f6zelde \u015eu\u015fal\u0131 ustalar\u0131n\u0131n taklidi zor sanat\u0131n\u0131n ve ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6rnekleri, onlar\u0131n elinden imal olunan say\u0131s\u0131z kuyumculuk \u015faheserleri, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hem kullan\u0131mda, hem de\u011fi\u015fik m\u00fczelerin koleksiyonlarda korunmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prof. Dr. Arif MUSTAFAYEV <\/strong><\/p>\n

Tarih Bilimci<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dergi<\/strong> \u201c\u0130rs-Miras\u201d, \u2116 3, 2012, s.18-21<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

KARABA\u011e SANAT D\u00dcNYASI TAR\u0130HSEL OLARAK, YERLE\u015e\u0130K VE YARI G\u00d6\u00c7EBE YA\u015eAM B\u0130\u00c7\u0130M\u0130 TARZINDA, T\u00dcRK ETNOK\u00dcLT\u00dcREL TEMELL\u0130 AZERBAYCAN K\u00dcLT\u00dcR\u00dc BA\u011eLAMINDA GEL\u0130\u015eM\u0130\u015e VE \u015eEK\u0130LLENM\u0130\u015eT\u0130R.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":112269,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1198,905],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-112184","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-heritage-8","category-shusha-tr"],"fimg_url":"https:\/\/1905.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/susa-zenger-1.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/112184","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=112184"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/112184\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/112269"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=112184"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=112184"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=112184"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}