{"id":5838,"date":"2016-05-17T14:00:05","date_gmt":"2016-05-17T10:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/1905.az\/?p=5838"},"modified":"2019-10-31T11:42:45","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T07:42:45","slug":"turkmencay-antlasmasi-ve-sonuclari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/turkmencay-antlasmasi-ve-sonuclari\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00dcRKMEN\u00c7AY ANTLA\u015eMASI VE SONU\u00c7LARI"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"tk_Turkmanchay_manset\"<\/a>19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Azerbaycan co\u011frafyas\u0131nda, \u0130ran ile Rusya aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan h\u00e2kimiyet m\u00fccadelesi T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 zabt\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n

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\u0130ran\u2019da Nadir \u015eah\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra Azerbaycan\u2019da siyas\u00ee bir birlik kurulamam\u0131\u015f ve Azerbaycan siyasi tarihinde \u2018Hanl\u0131klar D\u00f6nemi\u2019 olarak an\u0131lan s\u00fcre\u00e7 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Kafkaslar, Rusya ile \u0130ran aras\u0131nda tam bir h\u00e2kimiyet m\u00fccadelesine sahne olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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Rusya ile \u0130ran aras\u0131nda 1804\u2019de ba\u015flayan Azerbaycan co\u011frafyas\u0131na h\u00e2kim olma m\u00fccadelesini Rusya kazanm\u0131\u015f, 1806 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, Revan, Nah\u00e7\u0131van, Gence, Karaba\u011f, \u015eeki, \u015eirvan, Bak\u00fc, Kuba Hanl\u0131klar\u0131 Rusya taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir. Ama bunun \u0130ran taraf\u0131ndan kabul\u00fc daha sonra yap\u0131lacak olan anla\u015fmalarla olmu\u015ftur. \u0130ran, Rusya ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015fta ma\u011flup olmas\u0131ndan sonra Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n G\u00fclistan b\u00f6lgesinde 12 Ekim 1813 tarihinde imzalanan G\u00fclistan Antla\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6re; Tal\u0131\u015f, \u015eirvan, Kuba, Bak\u00fc, Derbent, Gence, Karaba\u011f ve \u015eeki Hanl\u0131klar\u0131 Rusya\u2019n\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyetine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ran bu antla\u015fmadan sonra G\u00fcney Kafkasya topraklar\u0131nda hak iddia etmeyece\u011fini kabul etmesine ra\u011fmen, y\u00f6netimde bulunan Ka\u00e7ar Hanedan\u0131, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019yla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yaparak, Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kuzey Azerbaycan Hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek \u00fczere, 16 Temmuz 1826 tarihinde harekete ge\u00e7en \u0130ran ordusu, ilk ba\u015flarda ba\u015far\u0131 kazan\u0131r gibi olduysa da sava\u015f\u0131n daha sonraki safhalar\u0131nda ma\u011flubiyete u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, Rus ordusu 1 Ekim 1827 tarihinde Revan\u2019\u0131, ard\u0131ndan da Nah\u00e7\u0131van\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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\u0130ran ordusunun ba\u015fkomutan\u0131 Veliaht Abbas Mirza yakla\u015fmakta olan k\u0131\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden anla\u015fma yapmak istedi\u011fini General \u0130van Fyodorovi\u00e7 Paskevi\u00e7\u2019e iletmi\u015f, bu f\u0131rsattan istifade eden Rus ordusu hi\u00e7 zorlanmadan 3 Ekim\u2019de Marendi\u2019yi, 14 Ekim\u2019de de Tebriz\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri 6 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Dehkargan\u2019da ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere Rusya\u2019y\u0131 temsilen \u0130. F. Paskevi\u00e7, A. S. Griboyedov, A. M. Obrezkov, A. K. Amburger, N. D. Kiselyov, terc\u00fcman olarak A. A. Bak\u0131hanov ve G. M. Vlagadi kat\u0131l\u0131rken; \u0130ran taraf\u0131n\u0131 ise Veliaht Abbas Mirza ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Ferrahani, Beylerbeyi Fethali Han, k\u00e2tip Mirza Muhammed Ali ve terc\u00fcman Mirza Mesud\u2019un yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir heyet temsil etmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler 7 Ocak 1828 tarihinde tazminat konusunda d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlenerek kesilmi\u015f ve Rus ordusu yeniden sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na ba\u015flayarak, 28 Ocak\u2019ta Urmiye ve 8 \u015eubat\u2019ta da Erdebil\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Bunun \u00fczerine Antla\u015fma, 9 \u015eubat\u2019\u0131 10 \u015eubat\u2019a ba\u011flayan gece saat 12\u2019de Tebriz\u2019in g\u00fcneyinde Meyane \u015fehrinin yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bulunan T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay kasabas\u0131nda Me\u015fedi Muhammed\u2019in evinde imzalanm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra 29 Temmuz 1828 tarihinde haz\u0131rlanan protokol Rusya\u2019y\u0131 temsilen Paskevi\u00e7 ve Griboyedov, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 temsilin de Mirza Cafer taraf\u0131ndan onaylanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Maddeleri<\/i><\/p>\n


\n<\/i>
\n16 maddeden ibaret olan T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n;<\/p>\n

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1. ve 2. maddesinde bu antla\u015fman\u0131n; ebedi bar\u0131\u015f, dostluk ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi antla\u015fmas\u0131 olmas\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir.
\nAntla\u015fman\u0131n 3. maddesine g\u00f6re; \u0130ran, 6 ay i\u00e7erisinde Revan ve Nah\u00e7\u0131van Hanl\u0131klar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n4. maddede, \u0130ran ve Rusya aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r tespiti yap\u0131l\u0131rken, 5. maddede, tespit edilen s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n kuzeyinde kalan, Kafkas s\u0131ra da\u011flar\u0131 ve Hazar Denizi aras\u0131nda bulunan b\u00fct\u00fcn toprak ve adalar\u0131n, bu topraklarda ya\u015fayan halklar\u0131n Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ait oldu\u011fu kabul edilmi\u015ftir.
\n6. maddede \u0130ran, Rusya\u2019ya tazminat \u00f6demeyi kabul etmi\u015ftir.
\n7. maddede Rusya, \u0130ran Veliahd\u0131 Abbas Mirza\u2019y\u0131 \u00f6nce veliaht, tahta \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan sonra da h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak tan\u0131yacakt\u0131r.
\n8. maddeye g\u00f6re, Hazar\u2019da her iki devletin de ticaret gemileri y\u00fczebilecek, fakat yaln\u0131zca Rusya\u2019n\u0131n sava\u015f gemileri bulunabilecektir.
\n9. maddede kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 el\u00e7ilerin kabul\u00fc ve a\u011f\u0131rlanmas\u0131 yer al\u0131rken, 10. maddede kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ticaretin geli\u015ftirilmesi ve ticaret ata\u015feliklerinin kurulmas\u0131 karar alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n11. maddede, \u2018sava\u015ftan \u00f6nce yar\u0131m kalan i\u015fler adaletle halledilecek ve daha \u00f6nceden var olan alacaklar ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6denecek\u2019 h\u00fckm\u00fc yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n12. maddeye g\u00f6re, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar\u0131 bulunanlar \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda bunlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeli ya da satmal\u0131d\u0131r. Sadece, Revan eski Serdar\u0131 H\u00fcseyin Han ile karde\u015fi Hasan Han ve Nah\u00e7\u0131van eski H\u00e2kimi Kerim Han bu haktan mahrum edilmi\u015ftir.
\n13. maddeye g\u00f6re, her iki taraftan da esir d\u00fc\u015fenlerin tamam\u0131 d\u00f6rt ay i\u00e7erisinde serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lacakt\u0131r.
\n14. madde ise, her iki devlete s\u0131\u011f\u0131nanlarla ilgilidir. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n tasvip etmedi\u011fi ki\u015filerin \u0130ran taraf\u0131ndan, belli b\u00f6lgelere (Karaba\u011f ve Nah\u00e7\u0131van) yerle\u015fmesine izin verilmeyecektir.
\n15. maddeye g\u00f6re, G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019da yerle\u015fen ahalinin istedikleri takdirde Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7ebilecekleri ve bunlara m\u00fcsait imk\u00e2nlar yarat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmi\u015ftir.
\n16. maddede ise, bu antla\u015fman\u0131n Rusya \u0130mparatoru ve \u0130ran \u015eah\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan imzalanmas\u0131 ve bir an \u00f6nce her yere duyurulmas\u0131 karar alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Antla\u015fmayla Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n \u0130kiye B\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi<\/i><\/p>\n


\n<\/i>
\nBu antla\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan taraflar\u0131ndan birisi, \u00fczerinde antla\u015fma yap\u0131lan Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerinin Antla\u015fmada hi\u00e7bir s\u00f6z hakk\u0131 olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ran ve Rusya bir milletin kaderiyle oynam\u0131\u015flar, Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri ve vatanlar\u0131 ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 bu problem b\u00fct\u00fcn karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla devam etmektedir. Azerbaycan Devletinin \u201cB\u00fct\u00f6v Azerbaycan veya Vahit Azerbaycan\u201d \u00fclk\u00fcs\u00fc olarak d\u00f6nem d\u00f6nem dile getirdi\u011fi bu problemin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc yak\u0131n zamanda da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6z\u00fckmemektedir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ne \u0130ran\u2019da ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrklerde yeterli derecede bu konuda \u015fuur, ne de Azerbaycan\u2019da bunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek siyas\u00ee ve ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n temelleri at\u0131l\u0131yor<\/i><\/p>\n


\n<\/i>
\nT\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ve etkileri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelmektedir. Rusya bu antla\u015fmayla, daha \u00f6nce i\u015fgal etti\u011fi topraklara Revan ve Nah\u00e7\u0131van Hanl\u0131klar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 da katm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra Revan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 la\u011fvedecek olan Rusya, buray\u0131 Erivan Guberniyas\u0131 (1850) olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve gelecekte Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in ilk ad\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n 15. maddesinde; G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019da yerle\u015fen ahalinin istedikleri takdirde Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7ebilecekleri ve bunlara m\u00fcsait \u015fartlar\u0131n yarat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Bu maddede a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmese de G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019dan, \u00f6zellikle de Mara\u011fa ve Urmiye\u2019den al\u0131nan Ermeni ailelerin Kuzey Azerbaycan topraklar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmesine imk\u00e2n sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu maddenin antla\u015fmaya konulmas\u0131nda G. D. Lazerev ve Griboyedov\u2019un \u00f6zel gayreti olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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Ermenilerin Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterdikleri ilgi daha I. Petro devrinde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve o s\u0131ralarda Rus kuvvetleriyle birlikte \u0130ran\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmaktan \u00e7ekinmemi\u015flerdir. I. Petro, Do\u011fu ticaretinden istifade etmek i\u00e7in Ermenilerden faydalanmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve bu temaslar neticesinde \u00c7ar, Ermenileri Rusya\u2019ya yerle\u015fmeye davet etmi\u015f, kendilerine din\u00ee ve d\u00fcnyev\u00ee her t\u00fcrl\u00fc imtiyaz ve garantileri vermeye haz\u0131r oldu\u011funu bildirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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1804-1813 ve 1826-1828 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki \u0130ran-Rusya sava\u015flar\u0131nda ve bu sava\u015flar\u0131n sonunda Azerbaycan\u2019a, \u00f6zellikle de Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesine \u0130ran, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019dan Ermeniler kitleler halinde g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir. Sadece 1826-1828 \u0130ran-Rus sava\u015f\u0131 esnas\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019dan Azerbaycan\u2019a 18 bin Ermeni ailesi gelmi\u015f, sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7leri daha da artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1828-1830 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019dan 40 binden fazla Ermeni, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 84 bin Ermeni, Gence ve Revan b\u00f6lgelerinin en verimli arazilerine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdir. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131, H\u0131ristiyanla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 veya Ermenile\u015ftirmesi 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar devam etmi\u015f ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyon 300 bin Ermeni b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Antla\u015fmadan \u00f6nce Revan ve Nah\u00e7\u0131van b\u00f6lgesinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 25 bin Ermeni ya\u015farken, antla\u015fmadan hemen sonra b\u00f6lgeye \u0130ran ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden Ermenilerin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle bu vilayetlerin etnik terkibi Ermenilerin lehine de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6lgeye, \u0130ran ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden Ermeniler g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrken; Revan\u2019\u0131n; K\u0131rkbulak, Zengibasar, K\u00f6pr\u00fcbasar, Vedibasar, \u015eerur, S\u00fcrmeli, Derekent-Par\u00e7anis, Saatl\u0131, Talin, Seyidli-A\u011fsakall\u0131, Serdarabad, G\u00f6rnibasar, Abaran, Dere\u00e7i\u00e7ek ve G\u00f6y\u00e7e b\u00f6lgelerinde; Nah\u00e7\u0131van\u2019\u0131n; Elin\u00e7e\u00e7ay, Mevazihatun, Hok ve Dereleyez b\u00f6lgelerinde; Ordubad\u2019\u0131n ise Eylis, Deste, Bilev ve Cennep b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrklerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne ve \u0130ran\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7mek mecburiyetinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada dikkat edilmesi gereken \u00f6nemli hususlardan biri de Ermenilerin planl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftirilirken burada ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrklerin de g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlanmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu siyaset Azerbaycan co\u011frafyas\u0131nda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar de\u011fi\u015fik zamanlarda (1905, 1918, 1948-1953, 1988) bir\u00e7ok defa Ermeniler ve Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan uygulamaya konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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General Paskevi\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndan Ermenileri Nah\u00e7\u0131van ve Revan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirmekle g\u00f6revlendirilen aslen Ermeni olan Albay Lazerev bu konuda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na hemen ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, antla\u015fman\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan 14 \u015eubat tarihinde Lazerev haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporu Paskevi\u00e7\u2019e g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Bu raporda Lazerev: \u201cErmeniler sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00fczerlerine d\u00fc\u015feni yapt\u0131lar, \u015fimdi onlar Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7mek istiyorlar. Ermenilerin h\u0131zl\u0131ca ve rahat bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in \u015fu tedbirlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereklidir; 1- G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcrme i\u015fine memur edildi\u011fine dair kendisine resm\u00ee belge verilmesi. 2- G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcrme i\u015fine yard\u0131m etmek i\u00e7in yeteri kadar Ermenice bilen subay tayin etme yetkisinin kendisine verilmesi. 3- \u0130klim vesair \u015fartlardan dolay\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcrme i\u015finde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan zorluklarda ordunun yard\u0131m etmesi. 4-Fakir Ermeni ailelerine g\u00f6\u00e7 i\u00e7in hazineden yard\u0131m edilmesi\u201d tekliflerinde bulunmu\u015f, bunun \u00fczerine Paskevi\u00e7, 26 \u015eubat\u2019ta Lazerev\u2019e bu tekliflerin yerine getirilmesi i\u00e7in hususi talimat g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Lazerev, 24 Aral\u0131k 1829 tarihli g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi raporda ise, \u201c26 \u015eubat \u2013 11 Haziran 1828 tarihleri aras\u0131nda 8249 H\u0131ristiyan aileyi Revan, Nah\u00e7\u0131van ve Karaba\u011f\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ran\u2019dan Ermenilerin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fclmesine Mart 1828\u2019de ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde Ermeniler, Ebregunus, Beneniyar, Kazanc\u0131, Halilli, Ar\u0131n\u00e7, Karababa, Nurs, Eylis, Dize ve \u00c7enneb gibi kasaba ve k\u00f6ylere isk\u00e2n edilmi\u015flerdir. \u0130ran\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fclen Ermeniler \u00e7o\u011funlukla M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toprak sahiplerinin ellerinden al\u0131nan arazilere yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdir. T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynayan ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ran b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi olan Griboyedov bu g\u00f6\u00e7lerle ilgili, \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, ge\u00e7ici olarak buralara yerle\u015ftirilen Ermenilerin daha sonra bu topraklara sahip \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131ndan korkuyorlard\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019da Ermenilere b\u00fcy\u00fck hak ve avantaj sa\u011flamas\u0131 sebepsiz de\u011fildi\u201d de\u011ferlendirmesini yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Antla\u015fman\u0131n \u0130ran\u2019a Etkisi<\/em><\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla \u0130ran her y\u00f6nden b\u00fcy\u00fck zararlar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, bu antla\u015fman\u0131n neticelerinden dolay\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k bir as\u0131r di\u011fer devletlerle olan siyas\u00ee ve iktisad\u00ee ili\u015fkileri de olumsuz etkilenmi\u015ftir. Bu antla\u015fmayla \u0130ran mahkeme ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f, yabanc\u0131 devletler nezdinde ma\u011flup ve zay\u0131f bir devlet olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan s\u00fcre\u00e7 \u0130ran tarihinde \u201ctek tarafl\u0131 antla\u015fmalar\u0131n imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d bir d\u00f6nem olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Antla\u015fman\u0131n 6. maddesine g\u00f6re, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya 20 milyon g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f manat (5 milyon t\u00fcmen veya yakla\u015f\u0131k 3.5 milyon sterlin) tazminat \u00f6demesi gerekmektedir. \u0130mzalanan antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re, tazminat alt\u0131 ay i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6denmezse G\u00fcney Azerbaycan Rusya h\u00e2kimiyetine ge\u00e7ecektir. Rusya, ordular\u0131n\u0131n geri \u00e7ekilmesi i\u00e7in tazminat\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te birinin \u00f6denmesini \u015fart ko\u015fmu\u015ftur. \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n ise \u00fclkenin bir\u00e7ok yerinde (\u0130sfahan, Kirman, vb.) a\u011f\u0131r vergiler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kan ayaklanmalardan ve i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ekonomik krizden dolay\u0131 bu paray\u0131 \u00f6deyemeyecek durumdad\u0131r. Fakat Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile sava\u015f durumunda olan Rusya, ordular\u0131n\u0131 G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f, bir grup askerini Hoy\u2019da b\u0131rakt\u0131ktan sonra Tebriz\u2019de bulunan birli\u011fini de Mart 1828\u2019de geri \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. \u0130ran tazminat\u0131, \u00f6demenin son g\u00fcn\u00fc olan 27 A\u011fustos\u2019ta \u0130ngiliz sefiri Mc Donald\u2019\u0131n da yard\u0131mlar\u0131yla paray\u0131 \u00f6demi\u015f ve Rusya da son asker\u00ee birli\u011fini Hoy\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Kirman ve Horasan\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kan isyanlarla \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki h\u00e2kimiyeti a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede sars\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, 1831 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tahran\u2019dan ayaklanmalar\u0131 bast\u0131rmak \u00fczere b\u00f6lgeye hareket eden Abbas Mirza komutas\u0131ndaki ordu \u00f6ncelikle Yazd ve Kirman b\u00f6lgesindeki ayaklanmay\u0131 bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra da Horasan b\u00f6lgesinde devam eden Terekeme isyanlar\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgeye hareket etmi\u015f ve 1832\u2019de Me\u015fhed\u2019e giderek Amirabad kalesini ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. \u0130syanlar ancak tamamen 1833 y\u0131l\u0131nda kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nabilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Antla\u015fma, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 ekonomik y\u00f6nden de olumsuz etkilemi\u015ftir. \u0130ran devletinin, G\u00fclistan ve T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmalar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00f6nce, ithal etti\u011fi mallardan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki vergi vard\u0131r. Bunlardan birisi \u00fclkeye giri\u015f yani g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi; di\u011feri ise k\u00f6pr\u00fc ve anayol ba\u015flar\u0131nda al\u0131nan \u201cyol vergisi\u201ddir. Bu vergiler transit, ithal veya ihra\u00e7 olunan mallar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f ve gidebilece\u011fi noktalar dikkate almaks\u0131z\u0131n mal sahiplerinden al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir gelir kap\u0131s\u0131 olan bu vergiler sebebiyle i\u00e7 piyasada Kuzeyde \u0130ngiliz, G\u00fcneyde ise Rus mallar\u0131 yerli mallarla rekabet edememektedir. Fakat T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla art\u0131k Rusya, \u0130ran i\u00e7 piyasas\u0131nda serbest ticaret yapma imtiyaz\u0131n\u0131 elde etmi\u015f ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n kuzeyinde yap\u0131lan ticar\u00ee faaliyetler tamamen Rusya\u2019n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcne girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Antla\u015fman\u0131n \u0130ran a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en \u00f6nemli neticelerinden birisi de; Rus t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde i\u015fledi\u011fi su\u00e7lardan dolay\u0131 sadece Rus mahkemelerinde yarg\u0131lanacak olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ranl\u0131 ve Rus t\u00fcccarlar aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar mutlaka Rus konsolosun huzurunda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulacakt\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re; Rus t\u00fcccarlar, kendi aralar\u0131nda veya ba\u015fka milletlerden t\u00fcccarlara bir sorun ya\u015fasa, hatta cinayet i\u015fleseler dahi \u0130ran mahkemelerinde yarg\u0131lanmayacakt\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n neticesinde \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n siyas\u00ee ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehlikeye d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve mahkeme ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ise s\u00f6z edilemez duruma gelinmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131, her ne kadar \u0130ran ile Sovyet Rusya aras\u0131nda 26 \u015eubat 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan antla\u015fman\u0131n 11. maddesi gere\u011fince ge\u00e7ersiz duruma d\u00fc\u015fse de, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 itibariyle b\u00f6lgede bug\u00fcn ya\u015fanan \u00f6nemli problemlerin ana kaynaklar\u0131ndan birisi olmu\u015ftur. Kendi kaderini tayin etmede hi\u00e7bir s\u00f6z hakk\u0131 verilmeyen Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri, \u0130ran ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyet m\u00fccadelesi neticesinde imzalanan bu antla\u015fmayla ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Sekiz milyon Kuzey Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk\u00fc, 1991\u2019de Sovyetler Birli\u011fi da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerine kavu\u015fmu\u015f ve Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar. Fakat T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erinde kalan yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 milyon T\u00fcrk, Fars egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok haklar\u0131ndan mahrum olarak ya\u015famaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Bu ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli sorunlardan biri de, her g\u00fcn artarak daha \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fcz bir hal alan Ermenistan sorunudur. Rusya T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na koydurdu\u011fu 15. maddeye dayanarak, sistemli bir \u015fekilde \u0130ran, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve Rusya\u2019daki Ermenilerin G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeleri i\u00e7in ortam haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f ve onlar\u0131 bu konuda te\u015fvik etmi\u015ftir. Bu planl\u0131 hareket neticesinde b\u00f6lgede Ermeni Devletinin temelleri at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ruslar bu b\u00f6lgede g\u00fcvenebilecekleri H\u0131ristiyan bir m\u00fcttefik aram\u0131\u015flar ve bu m\u00fcttefik o g\u00fcnden bug\u00fcne Ermeniler olmu\u015ftur. Ermeniler de hamileri Ruslar\u0131n kendilerine olan g\u00fcvenini bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131karmam\u0131\u015f ve elinden gelenin fazlas\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve yapmaya devam etmektedir. 1905-1907, 1918, 1948-1952 y\u0131llar\u0131 ve 1988\u2019de bir\u00e7ok defa Ermeniler T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131larda bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ge\u00e7ici olarak yerle\u015ftirildikleri topraklar\u0131 sahiplendikleri gibi, yay\u0131lmac\u0131 siyasetlerini devam ettirmi\u015flerdir. Bug\u00fcn Ermenistan, tarihte T\u00fcrk olan topraklar\u0131 kendi vatan\u0131 gibi kabul etmesi bir yana, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n %20\u2019sini de i\u015fgal etmi\u015f, bunun neticesinde de bu topraklarda ya\u015fayan yakla\u015f\u0131k bir milyon insan \u201cka\u00e7k\u0131n ve mecburi g\u00f6\u00e7k\u00fcn\u201d durumuna d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca Ermenistan kendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015fayan b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkleri s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etmi\u015ftir. Ermenistan sadece Azerbaycan topraklar\u0131ndan de\u011fil, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019dan da toprak talebinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla temelleri at\u0131lan Ermenistan bug\u00fcn de b\u00f6lgede sorun olmaya devam etmekte ve gelecekte de durum de\u011fi\u015fmeyecek gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 8. maddesine g\u00f6re, Hazar\u2019a h\u00e2kimiyet ve buran\u0131n zenginliklerinin kullan\u0131m tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Rusya \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bundan sonra Hazar\u2019da yaln\u0131zca Rus asker\u00ee gemileri y\u00fczebilecektir. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Hazar\u2019\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fc sorunu bir defa daha g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015f fakat bu g\u00fcn geldi\u011fimiz noktada problem halen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun en \u00f6nemli sebeplerinden birisi de Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Hazar\u2019daki menfaatlerini kaybetmemek istemesidir. Bu arada \u0130ran da Hazar\u2019a k\u0131y\u0131da\u015f \u00fclke olarak, bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fckten kendi lehine istifade etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Rusya ile \u0130ran aras\u0131nda Azerbaycan co\u011frafyas\u0131nda yap\u0131lan m\u00fccadelelerin ve antla\u015fman\u0131n sonucunda \u0130ran b\u00f6lgedeki h\u00e2kimiyetini, siyas\u00ee ve ticar\u00ee etkinli\u011fini kaybetmi\u015f, Rusya ise b\u00f6lgedeki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne de onaylatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece b\u00f6lgede yakla\u015f\u0131k 200 y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek Rusya h\u00e2kimiyeti ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Dr. Okan YE\u015e\u0130LOT: \u201cT\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay antla\u015fmas\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d makalesinden al\u0131nt\u0131<\/em><\/strong>
\nwww.mehmetcik.tv<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Azerbaycan co\u011frafyas\u0131nda, \u0130ran ile Rusya aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan h\u00e2kimiyet m\u00fccadelesi T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":5839,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[669,225,203],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5838","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-great-relocation-slide-9","category-analysis-ermenilerin-gelisi","category-ermenilerin-gelisi"],"fimg_url":"https:\/\/1905.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/tk_Turkmanchay_manset.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5838","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5838"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5838\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5839"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5838"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5838"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1905.az\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5838"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}